Critical Incident Case Study Analysis Social Work Essay Essay Example

Critical Incident Case Study Analysis Social Work Essay Paper In this paper, I will analyze an interesting instance survey that I found of import to discourse. On one manus, I will size up the inside informations of this instance survey and the critical civilization information of the participants. On the 2nd manus, I will analyse the incident from the positions of the ethnicity, White American civilization, and linguistic communication differences. Description of the Critical Incident Sequence of events We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Incident Case Study Analysis Social Work Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Incident Case Study Analysis Social Work Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Incident Case Study Analysis Social Work Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This event took topographic point in a primary school in Indiana State a twelvemonth ago. H was introduced to a school psychologist by his instructor. He was the worst-behaved white child in school. He was aggressive, battles with other equals, and argues with his instructor all the clip. The instructor wanted to better H s behaviours and reported it to his female parent. Therefore, the instructor and the school psychologist agreed to work with H, since he was the most ambitious kid in the schoolroom. H was in the 4th class and had maintained high classs. He continued o hold good classs throughout the school twelvemonth. He sometimes had troubles in following waies and finishing in-class assignments in composing activity, yet his academic standing is in the norm ; nevertheless, it is higher in the math country. In order to cognize more about H, an interview was conducted by a school psychologist with his instructor ; the reported that H is from a divorced household and life with his female parent who is a particular instruction instructor in high school. During the first session, H was observed to be a Caucasic male of mean tallness and weight with light-haired hair, bluish eyes, and was dressed casually in a black perspiration suit and gym shoes. H was sitting mutely at his desk and working on his ain. The undermentioned session, H was observed to be more aggressive and started to do noises, shouting, reasoning with instructor and speaking back in the schoolroom. I interviewed H about his behaviour that the instructor and principal told me about his behaviour that was fickle ; I started the first session with him by playing a game to assist him place his feeling and behaviour. Throughout the Sessionss, the pupil was speaking to the school psychologist, and he was stating her that he was holding some jobs in the new topographic point. He was holding a difficult clip socialing and doing friends. The pupil was besides speaking about the absence of his male parent, and how bad he was experiencing to be raised by a individual female parent. He besides addressed the bad relationship he had with his equals and instructor and he was stating through the Sessionss that no 1 could understand him. During this session, there were some misinterpretations between the client and the healer in footings of linguistic communication and some cultural things, such as speaking about sketchs and films characters, favourite Cereal, and sorts of Canis familiariss. As a professional, I examined how I would assist Hunter to alter his behaviour issues in the schoolroom. Therefore, a meeting was conducted with H s female parent in order to cognize more about his behaviour at place and to acquire her involved. Unfortunately, the conference ended negatively. Added to this, the defeat of Hunter s female parent over my cultural differences led the audience procedure to a negative result on H s concerns. During the meeting, H s female parent argued that her boy will be will be pulling attending since they live in a little rural community and everybody knows each other. This was the major job the female parent was believing approximately and was frustrated because she would hold to confront her neighbours staring and remarks. The ma was besides believing of her child in the hereafter and how people will handle and look at him as an aggressive and misbehaved childs in the town. She stated every bit good that she is a individual ma that raised her kid by herself and she had faced plenty from these people in the town. She mentioned that her child would hold some jobs working with an international school psychologist who speaks better in another linguistic communication than English and had a different cultural background. The pupil was willing to maintain working with him, but his ma was declining to finish our Sessionss ; he seemed to alter bit by bit and wanted to be different. He was huffy, because his female parent stopped everything and he told the school psychologist that his female parent had non let him come to her. He stated that he did non hold friends before and the school psychologist was his friend around that clip. Culture of the client The client is H s female parent, 38-year-old, and Caucasic female. She has one kid who is 10 old ages old and step-elder boy ( age 17 ) and one younger measure girl ( age 5 ) who does non presently live with her in the same house. The client is divorced, populating with her boy since she got divorced six old ages ago. She is working as a particular instruction instructor in high school and mentioned she is from the superior in-between category background. Culture of healer The healer in this instance was me. I am a 26 twelvemonth old, Muslim international female pupil. I am from a middle-class background, and grew up in a place with my male parent, step-mother, and my sisters and half brothers. My household has been an of import portion in my life. I had a batch of societal and emotional support. My female parent had a bosom onslaught and died when I was six. I barely remember her face and how she was moving. Education was a nerve-racking portion of my life ; populating entirely far off, and within a different civilization was non an easy thing to cover with. Managing of state of affairs The squad contained the instructor, the school psychologist, and the rule tried to step in and assist Hunter to halt his negative behaviours and get down moving like a normal child. The squad conducted a meeting to aim the behaviour and program an intercession. They called H s female parent to acquire her involved. As the squad was working through this instance, the ma came to school and asked the rule to stop working with her kid. She said they are populating in a little town and it is a wickedness in her country to be in problem in school, particularly in footings of behaviour issues, and she did non desire any sort of services from an international school psychologist. There was no manner to convert the female parent to acquire her involved and persuade convinced her to complete the instance. This was one of my cultural incompetences and biases that I experienced. I felt so huffy and under micro-aggression, because I am non an American school psycholog ist. They do non desire me to work with this child ; particularly so the instructor refused to go on confer withing with me about the pupil and the rule asked me to remain off from him. I felt like an foreigner and helpless. The squad implemented an intercession to work with H in schoolroom, but everything was canceled. The job of this instance was unluckily, was held at the terminal of the school twelvemonth. So, I had to halt run intoing the kid and make what the ma was inquiring for. I felt so unhelpful and I realized the jobs that can happen within school scenes and how unqualified people would be in order to step in. I tried to convert the instructor and the rule to re-set a meeting with the female parent to discourse with her H s academic concerns foremost, alternatively of his behaviour issues. Explain to her how of import it is to work with him before they become major issues in the hereafter, acquire the ma more involved, and make a connexion between place and school. Unfortunately, it was inappropriate to coerce people to go to Sessionss or have aid. It was hard to show a concluding audience study for my undertaking. As a concluding point, the instructor and school psychologist indicated utilizing time-out and ignoring as methods of subject. Lots of feedback besides was suggested to cut down H s defeat, but there was no manner to manage the female parent s instance outlook through her boy. Therefore, I found it really of import to turn to this instance survey to be more cognizant if it happened once more in the hereafter another clip. The Analysis Cross-cultural issues and value differences The followers are the cross-cultural issues and value differences that may hold existed between healer and client: Gender, age, socioeconomic position, instruction, ethnicity, faith, and linguistic communication differences. Age: The client is 38 old ages old. The school psychologist is 26 old ages old. Socioeconomic position: the client is from superior in-between category background and the healer is from in-between category background. Education: the client is a particular instruction instructor at a high school. The healer is a pupil in an EdS plan. Religion: the client is a Christian, while the healer is a Muslim. Ethnicity: the client is White European American and the healer is an international Arab pupil. Language: The client speaks English as the first linguistic communication. The healer speaks Arabic as the first linguistic communication. Out of these issues, I will specifically turn to ethnicity and linguistic communication differences in the analysis portion of this paper. Ethnicity Sue and Sue ( 2007, chap.1 ) , Hence and Boyd-Franklin ( 2005 ) , and Fuller ( 1995 ) discourse the significance of being cognizant of our ain civilization, and each civilization has restrictions. As an international school psychologist, I was really cognizant of the cultural differences during our Sessionss which made me experience like an foreigner. The client in this instance was a female white American. She seemed to be categorized profoundly within her ethnicity, and she appeared to bask being white. In working with her, I believe that it seemed to be to a great extent associated with how she distinguished and reacted to racial stimulation. Therefore, the race-related world of Whites symbolizes major unsimilarities in how she viewed the universe ( Sue A ; Sue 2007 ) . The client was non at easiness in the beginning, and she noticed my speech pattern and realized that I am non an American professional ; she kept inquiring the what are you? and the where are you from? inquiri es, which I believed now how rude and insensitive this inquiries were. I felt that she was judging me, and it was ill-defined what she was seeking to advert with those inquiries. I believe that she is one of the people who think that it was all right to size up and question people with dissimilar speech patterns. This diffident thought is certainly non to do the single feel unwanted or insulted when inquiring about their ethnicity ( Sue and Sue, chap.18 ) , Harmonizing to my ain readings and what I congregated from the readings through this category, my client showed her ain privilege ( Sue A ; Sue, fellow. 11 ) . It was clear for my client to detect that I am from another state, particularly after our undermentioned Sessionss and appeared to see school psychologist pupils in general as unqualified people who wanted merely to pattern their accomplishments. While I was reading the Parker and Schwartz ( 2002 ) article, I assumed how did White come to be the bulk and the oppressor? surely, I agree that, in the United States, white is the foremost community that has become more pale into the statistical unit beside the other ethnicities that are classified as minority classs. Through my small experience on the practicum at this school, I besides noticed some unusual things go oning at this school ; I did non detect that it was favoritism until now. In this school, all the school staff and pupils were Whites and there was an ignorance of the civilization strengths and the school staff blames the pupils and their parents for their job ; this reminded me of cultural sightlessness bureaus. I did non detect all the clip working in this school any other different ethnicities besides white Americans. In this phase, the school works with pupils as they are all the same, disregarding their alone demands and cultural differences ( Sue A ; Sue 2007 ) Goal: the end of this difference would be to do an equal relationship, free from any racism. Racism found to be apparent in all facets of white community in our day-to-day lives ( such as in telecasting, wireless, and educational stuffs, etc. ) ( Sue A ; Sue 2007 ) My client is a white American and I should be cognizant of her ain racial background and the continuity of racism in the United States merely by being white ( Parker A ; Schwartz ) . As was discussed in McGoldrick lineations ( 2005 ) Ethnocultural factors are frequently the concealed dimension in household therapy with white ethnics, and researching them may be a cardinal constituent of successful intervention. Make a curative resonance will be the chief end of this scenario. Course of action: After working with this client, I would join forces with her with regard to find her feelings in working with a healer who is from a different civilization as hers. I would besides work on her confidentiality since there is a clear feeling of misgiving which is a reaction to being discriminated against and abhor for the dominant communities in an about planetary anti-White presentation and feeling ( Sue A ; Sue, p.200 ) . As a professional, I should cognize the presence of misgiving and work to acquire my client s trust. My client is white American ; I should be cognizant that white privilege is unseeable ( McIntosh, 1988 ) to her I was unwelcome. It will really effectual to cut down the anxiousness and the disquieted feelings of the client and the school psychologist as good in this scenario. Rationale: My principle for taking this end and class of action was to turn to the unsimilarities that exist between the school psychologist and the client in order to understand and cut down the relationship of dominant and minority. Collaborating with my client in the hereafter will concentrate on her outstanding issues in order to acquire her more involved and trust the school psychologist. I would besides learn my client some curative techniques in order to assist her comprehend and increase her feelings of trust and comfort. Language Strong emotions such as choler, unhappiness, and defensiveness were displayed when speaking about experiences of race, civilization, and other socio demographic variables ( McIntosh, chap.1 ) . These feelings may better or contradict a full significance to grok the worldviews of culturally varied clients. As professional, working with a multicultural population, I need to cognize that I am different and how to cover with it in an appropriate manner. In this instance survey, I worked with a client who is from a diverse civilization and that leads to hold some difficult times to understand each other in the beginning, particularly in footings of the linguistic communication, oculus contact, and sometimes body linguistic communication. The client in this instance is an American English talker utilizing high Standard English and stressing verbal communicating ( Sue A ; Sue, fellow. 6 ) . The client was speaking usually, but with attending that she was non satisfied. She sometimes talked really fast. As a school psychologist, English is my 3rd linguistic communication and as most of non English foremost linguistic communication talker, I have an speech pattern. Sometimes my speech pattern may sound familiar, but normally most people mentioned that it is understood and has a Gallic spirit, which most of people likes. From clip to clip, I feel uncomfortable if my client misunderstood me. I think that was because of my speech pattern and she did non used to speak with aliens she is holding problems to understand me ; as Sue and Sue stated ( 2007, Chap. 21 ) Communication due to linguistic communication troubles as I stated above, my client may sometimes speak fast and utilize some slang statements that I could non grok. We were holding a job to link and associate up together, but the chief job was to be unable to work with her kid that made me experience really abashed and sometimes unfruitful. In this instance, I feel really down and sometimes I could non manage state of affairss . I know that I have a productive background, but linguistic communication issues make me really upset. It made me experience absolutely unwelcomed in my client s community and this state, particularly with these sorts of clients who do non like me to work with their kids, merely because they do non swear international people. This thought of the lower status of me in add-on to the belief that my client has the power to enforce her criterions upon my civilization was besides presented ( Sue A ; Sue, fellow. 4 ) . These besides made experience both astound and shocked, particularly when I experienced such things straight in this instance. Communication is an appealing portion of communicative interaction ; it is an instrument that helps the healers to grok their clients and provides him or her needful services. ( Sue A ; Sue, chap.6 ) In our field, we need to be able to interchange communicating in appropriate manner for both verbal and gestural messages. Coding and decrypting messages from others is the key to understand both the linguistic communication and the message that is transmitted through the usage of the linguistic communication. Goal: as a end to decide this scenario is to be familiar with American civilization and speak English absolutely, and besides be familiar with their slangs and have self assurance that I am seeking to make good. American talkers if they attempt to talk Arabic for an illustration they will hold an speech pattern every bit good. Through working with this client, I will discourse the linguistic communication particularly the accent barrier openly with her ; I bet that this may be good. Course of action: I think it is really critical to speak with the clients in the initial interview before get downing any appraisal. Informed her that I am an international school psychologist and they may non to the full understand my speech pattern. I will allow her cognize that I am unfastened to reply her inquiries and repetition if it needed. Discoursing the foreign linguistic communication speech patterns and refer that is normal to hold an speech pattern within another linguistic communication learned every bit good. I once more felt the biting assurance to better English with the purpose of being a more effectual and diverse professional. Rational: My principle for taking this end and class of action was to speak about the speech pattern issues that may assist me loosen up and work comfortably. Educating the client that her child s instance is traveling to be confidential and no 1 will cognize about it in the town. It may take to disregard other issues like linguistic communication, I will besides inquire my client to inquire for elucidations if the she did non understand me and the job will be resolved. Decision After analysing this instance survey, I recognized how important it is to be sensitive of our cultural difference in order to be competent and sensitive to other civilizations. This experience helped me to grok how dissimilar we are as people and how this affect the interpersonal communications. This will assist me be to be cognizant and work on myself to be more an effectual and successful professional in the hereafter.

Economies of scale Essays

Economies of scale Essays Economies of scale Essay Economies of scale Essay As can be seen from the information above Granada has been losing money recently, with a negative net profit (i 132), this means that it has no profit margin, and a negative return on capital employed (-7. 3%). More detailed information on Granada and current trading and prospects can be found in the appendix. Both of these two companies have made large losses recently, but Carlton has suffered from the larger losses, Carltons net loss was i 156 million compared to a loss of i 132 million for Granada. Carlton also has a much lower return on capital employed, although they both have a negative ROCE, Carltons is far lower than Granadas. Both of these companies have been losing money, and this gives them an incentive to merge, and to attempt to cut their losses by benefiting from economies of scale. Economies of scale Economies of scale are the reasons why the average cost of production may fall with an increasing level of output. I believe that if Carlton and Granada merge they will create one larger company which will benefit more from certain economies of scale. Carlton and Granada believe that though economies of scale they should be able to save i 35 million per annum. * In the appendix, there is an article titled Advertisers warn on ITV merger, in this it is stated by the head of broadcast at Media Planning Group that the merger will provide economies of scale, this is independent, unbiased evidence that the merger will provide economies of scale. The most important economies of scale in my opinion are: Financial economies of scale allow larger businesses to obtain money for expansion easier and cheaper. If Carlton and Granada merged they would create one much larger business. This larger business would thus benefit from financial economies of scale, the merged company would find it much easier to borrow or obtain money for new ventures of expansion plans. Managerial economies of scale occur when a business grows large enough to appoint specialists to its management team. Both of these companies are already large enough to benefit from this economy of scale, however they would benefit from it much more if they were to merge. The merged business would be much more efficiently managed and would therefore save money. This is one of the most important economies of scale because it will mean that the merged group would have one combined and specialised managerial team. Marketing economies of scale occur when the costs of marketing can be spread over a larger output. Both of these businesses produce television and cinema content. If they were to merge their output would be bigger, therefore they would benefit more from this economy of scale, it would be easier to produce new products, advertising rates would be lower, and bulk distribution would bring down the costs of delivery. This is another very important economy of scale for these two companies because they both have large outputs, and if they were to merge it would cut many costs and would help them to produce new television content cheaper and more effectively. The larger business that Carlton and Granada would create by merging would benefit from research and development economies of scale. It would be much easier to create new television programmes, and if any of their ventures should fail, then the larger business would be more able to cope with the loss because it will have other projects that will succeed, the risks have been spread. An example of this is Carlton and Granadas recently failed joint venture ITV digital. This venture was a failure which cost both of these businesses a lot of money. If they were one company, while dealing with this crisis they would have found it easier to cope with because jointly they would have more other successful projects running. Diseconomies of scale Diseconomies of scale are the opposite of economies of scale. Sometimes an increased output will not result in lower costs of production per unit but higher costs. Diseconomies usually occur when a business has become so big that it is no longer well managed. Diseconomies usually occur because of a breakdown of communication. In a large business it is often hard for the workers to find out who they should talk to about any problems they may encounter. This will often result in disputes between management and employees and the employees may feel less motivated to work hard. I do not believe that if Carlton and Granada were to merge they would suffer from any of these diseconomies of scale. This is because if anything the workers will become closer to the management as a result of this merger because the merged group should be more efficiently managed1**by better channels of communications between the two previous companies and decentralization which will bring decisions closer to the people that they affect. Stakeholders outside the businesses The main stakeholder group outside the two firms are the television viewers. Viewers should benefit from better television programmes. According to the article titled QA: ITV merger found in the appendix: The merger is intended to free up more money to plough into the schedules because better programmes bring in more viewers, which brings in more money from advertisers. 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The Market Planning Guide Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Paper 3 Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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C4 Auto Brokers Business Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

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Construction Project Delay: Causes and Effects

Construction Project Delay: Causes and Effects In this chapter, I will discuss types, causes and effects of delay of project in the construction industry. Besides that, I will also discuss the method to minimize the delays happening in construction industry 2.2 Type of Delay In construction industry, there are the categories of delays used in determining delay damage as shown in table 2.1 Figure 2.1 Types of Delay 2.2.1 Excusable delays Excusable delay as define a delay that is due to an unforeseeable event beyond the contractorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s or the subcontractorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s control. Usually, based on common general provisions in public agency specifications, delay resulting from the following events would be considered excusable such as fires, floods, owner-directed changes, errors and omissions in the contract drawing, unusually severe weather and etc. Excusable delays can be further classified into excusable with compensation and excusable without compensation. 2.2.1.1 Excusable with compensation Compensation delays are caused by the owner or the owners agents. An example of this would be the drawings late release from the owners architect. An excusable, compensable delay normally leads to a schedule extension and exposes the owner to financial damages claimed by the contractor. In this scenario, the contractor incurs additional indirect costs for both extended field office and home office overhead and unabsorbed home office overhead. 2.2.1.2 Excusable delays without compensation Non-compensable delays are caused by third parties or incidents beyond the control of both the owner and the contractor. Examples typically include acts of God, unusual weather, strikes, fires, acts of government in its sovereign capacity, etc. In this case, the contractor is normally entitled to claim extension of time but no compensation for delay damages 2.2.2 Non-excusable delays Non-excusable delays are cause by lack of performance of the contractor on the construction project. This delay can be cause by underestimates of productivity, improper project planning and scheduling, poor site management and supervision, wrong construction methods, equipment breakdowns, unreliable subcontractors or suppliers. Therefore, it is contractor responsibilities to continue their work with no entitlement to claim for extension of time or delay damages until they completed the project. For instance, a contractor failure to provide an adequate material to completed their job. 2.2.3 Concurrent Delay Concurrent delay is a problem that happening on most of the construction industry project. This issue arises when two or more delaying event at the same time in a project cannot complete on time. In this situation, both owner and contractor are responsible for the delay. Commonly concurrent delays which involve any two or more excusable delays result in extension of time. When excusable with compensation and non-excusable delays are concurrent, an extension of time can be issued or the delay can be distribution between the owner and the contractor. Concurrent delay can be categories in three types of delays: If excusable and non-excusable delays occur concurrently, the contractor only to allow claim for extension of time: If excusable with compensation and excusable without compensation delays occur concurrently, the contractor is entitle to claim extension of time but no delay damages: If two excusable with compensation delays occur concurrently, the contractor is entitled to claim extension of time and delay damages. For instance, a concurrent delay would be if the owner failure to give more detail regarding either using ceramic tile or homogeneous tile for toilet floor finishes. But at the same time contractor made with own decision and using ceramic tile for toilet floor finishes but actually owner plan using homogeneous tile. In this situation, the contractor cannot claim for damages. It is because contractor is not follow owner instruction but he can claim for extension of time with owner failure to give more detail of drawing 2.3 Causes of delays Figure 2.2 Causes of delays Based on the researched done through by journal, books, and some other reference. Project delay can be causes by a lot of parties which is shown in the Figure 2.2. They are include client, contractor, consultant, labour, material, equipment, financial and some external causes. 2.3.1 Caused of Client Related Delays Figure 2.3 Factors of client related delays 2.3.1.1 Lack of experience of client in construction According to Koushki, et al. (2005) identified factors of lack of experiences of client in construction project have high influence to the causes of delays. Some of the project delay cause by client due to not enough experience especially fresh developer. Most of the time, client facing a problem and do not know how to solve it immediately because of no experience. During client finding the way to solve the problem, some of the work could not progress. Finally, the whole project delay because of some particular work delay. 2.3.1.2 Change order According to Odeh and Battaineh (2002) mentioned the factors of change orders that contribute to causes of delaysà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Client always change the design during the construction period, during the same time that will affect whole project delay. It is because contractor cannot carry out his work until the latest drawing issue by architect. Consequently contractor cannot be done within the contract period. Most of the current project delay because of change order by client. For instance, a project almost complete but client change certain part of design and instruct contractor carry out the additional work. After done the whole project, the contractor found out was exceeding contract period. 2.3.1.3 Client interference According to Long, et al. (2004) studied the factors client interference that contributes to causes of delays in construction project. Some of the client instruct contractor to carry out additional work without ask architect promise. During the contractor carry out additional work, some of the work could not progress and it will be delay immediately. On the other hand, client do not follow the procedure such as did not mention architect issue an architect instruction. Finally it will affect the whole project delay. 2.3.2 Causes of contractor related delay Figure 2.4 Factors of contractor related delay 2.3.2.1 Inadequate contractor experience Abd Majid and McCaffer (1998) studied the factors of inadequate contractor experience as contributor to causes of delays. Long, ET al. (2004) mentioned the factors of inadequate contractor experience that contribute to causes of delays in construction project. Battaineh (2002) identified the factors of inadequate contractor experience as contributors to causes of delays. In construction industry, some of the delay projects are facing a problem during construction period. But at the same time contractor could not solved the problem immediately because of no experience. During the contractor finding method to solve the problem, some of the works totally stop because of that problem. After the problem was solved, those work keeping continue but run out from the schedule. Finally, the whole project will influence delay. 2.3.2.2 Inaccurate time estimate According to Long, et al. (2004) identified the factors of inaccurate time estimating that contribute to causes of delays in construction project.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Time estimates are important as inputs into other technique used to manage and structure for all projects. An inaccurate time estimation technique may cause a project delay. For instance, in some delay project, the contractor do not allowed time for some common problem always happen during the construction stage such as breakdown of equipment, miss deliveries by supplies, accidents and emergencies and so on. Because of this problem the actual time will run out from the estimated. So, the whole project could be facing delay. 2.3.2.3 Inaccurate of cost estimate According to Long, et al. (2004) also mentioned that, the factors of inaccurate cost estimating that contribute to causes of delays in construction project. Construction estimating errors can be very expensive and embarrassing. Inaccurate of cost estimate contribute a lot of cause such as wrong measurements from contract drawing, using incorrect units of measure, material improperly priced and the most common mistakes in arithmetic . Sometime contractor because of inaccurate of cost estimate measurement again for that particular work. Finally, due to re-measurement time some of the work will influence delay and it will also affect whole project to delay. 2.3.2.4 Poor site management and supervision Battaineh (2002) studied that, the factors of poor site management and supervision as contributors to causes of delays. Chan and Kumaraswamy (1996) identified the factors of poor site management and supervision that contribute to causes of delays. In construction industry, some of the project team a lack of management and supervision due team member without any experience and skill such as hire person who are fresh graduate. Once they facing problem but do not know how to solve it. Besides that, some of the supervisor did not cooperation with their team member due to lack of communicated. Finally, because of cannot solve the problem immediately the whole project influence delay. 2.3.3 Causes of Consultant Related Delays Figure 2.5 Factors of consultant related delays 2.3.3.1 Inadequate consultant experience According to Long, et al. (2004) studied the factors of inadequate consultant experience as contributors to causes of delays. In construction industry, they are many consultants carry out their work without experience. Besides that, there are many causes of a consultant without experience which include different site conditions, mismanagement and maladministration, site access restrictions, defective plan and/or specification. For instances, some of the architects only concentrated in certain part of building and do not have any experience in other type. Once architect design on that particular type of building without experiences, he will facing a lot of mistake and no ideas during design and because of this architect will delay issue the drawing. Finally, the works cannot process and it will affect the whole project delay. 2.3.3.2 Poor design and delay in design According to Ogunlana, et al.(1996) mentioned the factors of poor design and delay in design that contribute to causes of delays in construction project. Design is every important to any project, without good design the whole project will influence delay. It is because in a project if facing poor design that will facing demolish and rebuilt again. This problem happens because of the designer lack of experience. For instance, an architect designs a column in the middle of classroom. Once the contractor without any experience and construct the work exactly shown in the drawing. Finally 2.3.3.3 Incomplete drawing and detail design Long, et al. (2004) identified the factors of incomplete drawing and detail design as contributors to causes of delays. Ogunlana, et al. (1996) studied the factors of incomplete drawing and detail design that contribute to causes of delays in construction project. During construction, the contractor is carrying out the work but because of drawing is unclear and none very detail shown in the drawing. He could not continue the work with problem, so the works have to stop immediately until get more detail of that particular drawing from consultant responds. Because of without detail drawing the work could not be progress, so it will affect the tat particular work delay and it will also influence the whole project delay. 2.3.4 Causes of labour related delays Figure 2.6 Factors of labour related delays 2.3.4.1 Labour supply Abd Majid and McCaffer (1998) identified the factors of slow labor supply that contribute to causes of delays. Odeh and Bataineh (2002) in their research identified à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the factors of labor supply as contributors to causes of delays. Besides material, the labour also consider as major source in the construction industry. Generally, labour are categories into two groups such as skilled workers and unskilled workers. In construction industry without labour project could not run. For instance, during construction, materials are ready to but no worker carrying out the work. During the same time because of no worker to progress of work, the project will confront project delay. 2.3.4.2 Shortage of skilled worker According to Chan and Kumaraswamy (1996) mentioned the factor of shortage of skill labor is the most important factor that contributed to causes of delays. Skilled worker is a worker who has some special skill, knowledge and ability in his job and also gets highest pay such as plasterer, carpenter, painter, and concreter. Those skilled workers are learning the skills on the job. In construction, some contractors do not hire skilled workers because of higher labour cost and he employs some unskilled workers. At the same time skilled workers do not want get the job from the contractor with lower labour cost. Finally the unskilled workers could not complete the work on time. So, because of shortage of skilled worker affect whole project delay. 2.3.4.3 Labor of productivity According to Ogunlana, et al. (1996) studied the factor of labor productivity having high influence to causes of delays. Labor of productivity; generally define as output per labour hour. There are many factors that influence on the labour productivity. One of the factors is workers experience, labour with high experience and high skills in field leads to high performance at workplace. Besides that, attitude also will affect productivity of labour. For instance, a worker can lay one meter square per hour but because of lazy. Finally he using three hours to finish laid the brick wall. Because of this factor, the progress work delay and it will also influence the whole project delay. 2.3.5 Causes of Material related Delay Figure 2.7 Factors of material related delay 2.3.5.1 Shortage of construction materials Koushki, et al. (2005) mentioned that, factor shortage of construction material that contribute to causes of delays. Ogunlana, et al. (1996) identified the factor of shortage of material as a factor to causes of delay. Chan and Kumaraswamy (1996) studied that factors shortage of material as contributors that contribute to causes of delays. Abd Majid and McCaffer (1998) identified the factor of shortage of material that contribute to causes of delays. Material shortage is a potential source of construction delay. The major causes of material shortage is demand exceed supply. In construction have a lot type of material and the three main courses are cement, formwork and steel bar. Besides that, material is one of the main sources in construction industry. It is because without material project cannot construct. If a project facing the material shortage problem will be delay. For instance, a project having shortage ceramic tiles even though the labours ready for tiling. In this situatio n, the project will facing delay project. 2.3.5.2 Late delivery of materials Ogunlana, et al. (1996) identified the factor of late delivery of material as a factor to causes of delay. Abd Majid and McCaffer (1998) studied the factor of late delivery of material that contribute to causes of delays. Late delivery of material as a supplier fault due to high market demand; however the long procedure of the purchasing order from head office was complained. In construction, it factor is similar to the material shortage such as the labour ready for work but no material to do their work. Once contractor cannot receive the material on time that will be delay work and it will also affect project delay. For example, workers want to install the windows but without frame because of late delivery to site. So, the work will be delay and it will affect project delay. 2.3.5.3 Poor quality of construction materials Koushki, et al. (2005) mentioned that factor poor quality of material that contribute to causes of delays. Ogunlana, et al. (1996) identified the factor of poor quality of material as a factor to causes of delay. Abd Majid and McCaffer (1998) studied the factor of poor quality of material that contribute to causes of delays. Poor quality of material is construct building with using poor quality of material. The contractor has intention to cheat owner to earn more profit by change the quality of material such as concrete. For instance, a contractor cast a column with using Y 20 steel bar but actual in contract drawing is Y 25. After site staff done the inspection for this column and found that the steel bar inside column is Y 20 and ask contractor demolish the column to rebuild. In this case, time taken to rebuild the column will also affect project delay. 2.3.5.4 Escalation of material prices Ogunlana, et al. (1996) identified the factor of escalation of material prices as a factor to causes of delay. Wiguna and Scoot (2005) studied the factor of escalation of material prices was one factor that contribute to causes of delays. Escalation of material prices will cause shortage material in construction. It is because the market rate is keeping increasing. Some of the contractor does not buy the expensive material. During same time, the construction without material cannot run so the project will influence the project delay. For instance, a contractor because of material cost of market demands higher and does not make any order for material until material shortage. Finally, the construction cannot run without material and it will affect delay project also. 2.3.6 Causes of Equipment Related Delays Figure 2.8 Factors of Equipment related delays 2.3.6.1 Insufficient number of equipment According to Ogunlana, et al. (1998) identified the factors of insufficient numbers of equipment is the most significant factors that contribute to causes of delays. In construction stage, contractors are facing not enough machinery to produce work. It is because some of the contractors do not have a large capital to purchase that machinery due to higher cost. Once the projects carry out with not enough machinery, it will influence whole project delay. For instance, there are two works to be done by using towel crane but in site only one towel crane available. Finally, two of work could not be done at the same time due to not enough towel cranes. 2.3.6.2 Frequent equipment breakdown McCaffer (1998) studied the factors of equipment breakdown as contributors to causes of delays. Ogunlana, et al. (1998) mentioned the factor of frequent equipment breakdown is the most significant factors that contribute to causes of delays. In construction industry, some of the machinery always breakdown due to improper using by worker such as do not follow the instruction. For instance, machinery only can support for five hundred kilograms of material but during worker using that machinery and his carry out six hundred kilograms of material. Finally, the machinery will breakdown. Once machinery breakdown, the work will be stop immediately and affect some work delay. Finally, because of machinery breakdown the whole project will also influence delay. 2.3.6.3 Shortage of Equipment Parts According to Chan and Kumaraswamy (1996) identified the factor of shortage of equipment parts that contribute to causes of delays. After machinery breakdown, the technical carry out the repair work for the breakdown of equipment. During the same time, some part of machinery none have stock in market. Because of no spare part to repair the machinery, some of the works facing stop progress immediately. Consequently, it will influence whole project to be delay. 2.3.7 Causes of Financial Related Delays Figure 2.9 Factors of Financial related delays 2.3.7.1 Clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial difficulties According to Chan and Kumaraswamy (1996) identified the factors of clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial difficulties as contributor to causes of delays. During the construction, client will face some financial problem arise from unanticipated emergencies or financial mismanagement such as global financial crisis. Besides that, a client proposes a new development without borrow term loan or bridging loan from the bank. On the other hand, improper cost planning is a most serious problem for those clients facing in current delay project. For instance, during pre-construction stage a client do not planning cost properly and he will facing a lot of problem in construction stage such as no enough capital to pay contractor payment. Finally, because of contractor did not receive payment to influence whole project delay. 2.3.7.2 Delay payment to suppliers/subcontractor According to Abd Majid and McCaffer (1998) mentioned the factors of inadequate fund allocation and delay payment to subcontractor/suppliers as contributor to causes of delays in construction project. Due to sub- contractor do not take their responsibility to done the work on time. The contractor will delay the payment until they complete the job. But at the same time, the sub-contractor refuse to work because of not yet receive payment. As a consequently, the whole project will be influence delay due to sub-contractor refuse to work. 2.3.7.3 Contractorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial difficulties According to Ogunlana, et al. (1996) studied the factors of contractorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial difficulties having high influence to causes of delays. Poor financial management has been known as one of the factors why certain project cannot complete within contract period. Because of contractor lack of experience and could not manage their capital properly. On the other hand, because of delay payment by client contractor not enough money to cover up all sub-contractors and suppliers payment. Finally, the sub-contractor and suppliers refuse to work and supply material to the site and because of this factor the whole will influence delay. 2.3.8 Causes of External Related Delays Figure 2.10 Factors of external related delays 2.3.8.1 Weather condition Odeh and Battaineh (2002) identified the factors of weather condition as contributors to causes of delays. Long, et al. (2004) mentioned factors weather condition as factors ofexternal related delays. AL-Momani (2000) studied the factor of weather condition as contributors to causes of delays in construction project. During the construction period, weather is a factor to influence the whole project delay. It because weather condition that interfere with planned activities. Some activities can process but other cannot. For instances, during the worker cast the ground floor slab, but because of raining that particular work to be delay. 2.3.8.2 Slow site clearance According to Long, et al. (2004) identified factors of slow site clearance as factors of external related delays. During begin of construction stage, the responsibility party should have to carry out their work for site clearance immediately. Without clearance the site construction work cannot process. In some delay project found that, the third party did not take their responsibility to finish the site clearance within the period. Consequently, the whole project delay because of site clearance works delay. 2.4 Effect of Delays According to Aibinu and Jagboro (2002) identified the effects of construction delays on project delivery in Nigerian construction industry. They also said that the six major effects of delays follow by rank which include time overrun, cost overrun, dispute, arbitration, litigation, and total abandonment as shown in the Table 2.11 Effects of Delay Rank Time overrun 1 Cost overrun 2 Dispute 3 Arbitration 4 Litigation 5 Total Abandonment 6 Source : Aibinu and Jagboro (2002) Table 2.11 The effect of delays 2.4.1 Time overrun Time overrun it mean contractor could not carry out their work within contract period. In generally, time overrun can be categories into two group which include excusable delays and non-excusable. Once the project facing time overrun, it will affect the progress of work cannot finish on time. Besides that, the fault party will take the responsibility to pay the relevant parties for damages because of delay. For instance, during the project almost completed, but at the same time contractor because of exceptionally implement weather cannot completed the project within contract period. In this situation the contractor entitle to claim extension of time. On the other hand, if that contractor cannot complete the work within contract period due to his own fault. So the contractor no entitle to claim extension of time and he need to pay liquated damages. As stated in Persatuan Arkitek Malaysia form 2006 (PAM form 2006), which certain clauses stating about the damages by employer due to this event. It stated that in clauses below. 2.3.1.1 Clause 22.1 Liquidated Damage and Certificate of Non-Completion If the contractor fails to complete the works by the Completion Date, and the architect is of the opinion that the same ought reasonably so to have been completed, the architect shall issue a certificate of Non-completion. Upon the issuance of the certificate of Non-Completion the contractor shall pay or allow to the Employer a sum calculated at the rate stated in the Appendix as Liquidated Damages for the period from the Completion Date to the Date of Practical Completion. The Employer may recover such sum from the Performance Bond. The Employer shall inform the contractor in writing of such deduction or such debt due to from the contractor. The imposition of Liquated Damages by the Employer shall not be taken into account by the Architect in the issuance of payment certificates and Final Certificate, and is not subject to the set-off procedures under clause 30.4 and adjudication. 2.3.1.2 Clause 23.1 Submission of notice and particulars for extension of time If the Contractor is of the opinion that the completion of the Work is or will be delayed beyond the completion Date by any of the Relevant Event stated in Clause 23.8, he may apply for an extension of time provided always that 2.3.1.3 Clause 23.8 Relevant Events Exceptionally implement weather 2.4.2 Cost overrun During construction stages, the client and contractor always facing of cost overrun. Cost overrun  is an unexpected  cost  incurred in excess of a budgeted amount, due to  cost underestimation. Cost overrun is related to time overrun, once a project cannot be done in time, it will also affect the cost of project over budget. Commonly, cost overrun always happen due to contractor own fault such as inaccurate of cost estimate and he need to take responsibility to pay owner loss and expense. For instance, a contractor because of improper cost planning due to cost overrun. Finally, the owner set of his loss and expense from the contractor interim payment. 2.4.3 Dispute In construction industry, some of project delay because of dispute between contractual parties such as client, consultants, contractor and some relevant parties. Those disputes because of client failure make payment to the contractor. Once dispute happen, the relevant parties will go through with mediation. The mediator will make a decision to solve the problem. But if one of the parties does not accept the decision made by mediator, the parties will appeal the decision with arbitrator. If both parties accept the decision and the fault parties will take responsibility to pay damages for project delay. 2.4.4 Arbitration In current delay project, some of the contractual parties do not accept the mediator decision and they appeal in arbitration. Arbitrator will also make the decision to solve the problem. But if one of the parties does not accept the decision again made by Arbitrator, they still can appeal the decision in litigation. 2.4.5 Litigation In some delay project, the relevant parties because of still do not accept with the arbitrator decision. They are appeal the result in litigation which is dispute resolution in the courts. In litigation, the parties have a trial either by a court alone or by jury. If those parties are not satisfied judgment again, then they can appeal again if they have any new evidence to proof their right. But one the parties accept with the judgment, the faulty of parties need take responsibility to pay the penalty 2.4.6 Total abandonment Total abandonment it means the whole project stop immediately because of client facing financial difficulties. Some of the current delay project totally abandoned because of clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s or contractor problem which include clients bankruptcy, contractor run away, poor marketing and sales strategies and so on. The effect of project totally abandoned will affect many parties such as contractual parties which include contractor, consultant, sub-contractor, supplier and some other relevant parties. Besides those parties, the purchasers will also suffer in cost damages due to project abandoned. 2.5 Methods of minimizing construction delays According to Nguyen, et al. (2004), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“studied the factors that can be applied as a method of minimizing of construction delays as follows: competent project manager; frequent progress meeting; accurate initial cost estimates; accurate initial time estimates; awarding bids to the right/experience consultant and contractor.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? During pre-construction stage, a client should employ a depth knowledge project manager to organize a good project team member to progress the work. Besides that, the project team member should be always discussing with the problem having during the site progress. On the other hand, contractor should be employs some employee with experience such as quantity surveyor. So that, during the time or cost estimate they can add on some unforeseen event to avoid the cost and time overrun. Furthermore, the developer should be hire some experience consultant and contractor.iot is because once they facing problem, they can refer previous project to so lve the problem immediately. So, the project can process with smoothly. According to Aibinu and Jagboro (2002), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“identified two methods to minimize or if possible eliminate time overrun were: acceleration of site activities, and contingency allowance.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? During construction stages, the contractor should carry out his responsibility to make sure the work progress can complete in time. If found that work progress are not equal to the estimate schedule. The contractor may carry out with acceleration such as hire additional worker. Besides that, the client may allow contractor standby some extra cost for unforeseen event such as accidents. According to Koushki, et al. (2005), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“revealed that the minimization of time delays and cost overruns would require: ensure adequate and available source of finance until project completion; ensure timely delivery of materials.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? During pre-construction, a client may prepare a good cash flow within the contract period. Once the client does not enough money to cover up construction cost, he can borrow a term loan or bridging loan from the bank to cover the cost until the whole project completed. It will avoid project delay due to client not enough capital. Besides that, the contractors make sure that material are order with a reliable suppliers and can receive it on time. Acco

The Garden of Science :: Religion Science God Essays

The Garden of Science In the beginning, there was nothing. According to the Book of Genesis, God created everything from scratch. God created the heavens, earth, light, darkness, sea, stars, birds, and animals. God created a man and named him Adam. God created a woman and named her Eve. Adam and Eve were put in the Garden of Eden. The Garden of Eden was filled with fruit trees, animals, and there were river flowing all the time. In the Garden of Eden, Adam and Eve had plenty to eat. They did not have to work nor make money. Adam and Eve were naked but they were shameless. Adam and Eve did not have much to worry about. In the year 2001, we are living in the garden that is embedded with various scientific stuffs. Let’s just take a look at my life. Few years ago, I used the typewriter to write papers. Now, I am using a computer to write the paper. In the morning, the alarm clock wakes me up. I turn on the faucet to get water to brush my teeth. I pour out already brewed coffee from programmed coffee maker. I drive a car to get to the places. I wash my cloth in washing machine and dry them in the dryer. I don’t wear eyeglasses anymore because I am wearing contact lenses. Furthermore, this winter break, I am planning to have Lasik operation to correct my vision permanently. Then, I could say goodbye to my contact lenses. This is the sketch of my life, but just a part. I am living in the garden with full of scientific devices that I could no longer live without. Wow. How did we get here from the Garden of Eden to the Garden of Science? What makes the world to become such a science oriented society? What drives human beings to seek scientific knowledge of the world? Since I am a Christian who confidently believes in God’s creation of the world according to the Bible. I believe that it is a natural characteristic of the human being to seek more knowledge. The desire for more knowledge actually evolved into creating the technologies that became part of our lives. In addition, I believe that the knowledge itself is actually given by God along with the power to use them. Finally, I believe that knowledge is a good thing to posses, however; we need to be more careful and humble of using the knowledge that was given to us by our creator as a gift.

Compare and Contrast: Muslim Empires

Between 1450 and 1750, three great Muslim empires arose—the Ottomans, the Safavids, and the Mughals. The Ottomans arose after the Seljuk Turkic kingdom of Rum in Eastern Anatolia collapsed, which occurred because of a Mongol invasion in 1243. The area fell into a chaotic period after that because the Mongols did not directly rule it. In search of riches, Turkic peoples, including the Ottomans who dominated the rest, flooded into the area. By the 1350s, the Ottomans were advancing from their Asia Minor strongholds.Under Mehmed I, they conquered a large part of the Balkans, and, in 1453, they captured Constantinople of the Byzantine Empire under Mehmed II, â€Å"The Conqueror,† thus establishing an empire from the Balkans that included most of the Arab world. Like the Ottomans, the Safavids arose from struggles of rival Turkish tribes. In the fourteenth century, there were decades of fierce struggles, until, finally, after three successive Safavid leaders died, a Sufi com mander named Isma’il survived. He and his followers conquered the city of Tabriz in 1501, as well as most of Persia in the next decade.They then drove the Ozbegs, neighboring nomadic Turks, back to Central Asia and advanced to Iraq. Lastly, the Mughal Dynasty was founded by Babur, who descended from Turkic warriors. He first led an invasion of India in 1526 and conquered the Indus and Ganges plains. After Babur died of an illness, his son, Humayan, succeeded him and was attacked from enemies of all sides because of Babur’s death. He was expelled from India in 1540, but eventually restored Mughal rule by 1556. Humayan’s son, Akbar, would later succeed him and become the greatest ruler in Mughal history.The Ottomans, Safavids and Mughals constructed significant empires, but each adopted different ways of treating their conquered people and developed diverse methods for managing social, political, and economic systems. In order to promote the expansion of their emp ire, the Ottomans adopted many practices to include non-Muslims in the military. At first, the Ottomans’ first concern was to collect tribute from their conquered people. This first happened in 1243 when the kingdom of Rum was conquered.However, in the fifteenth century, the Ottoman Empire’s imperial armies became increasingly dominated by infantry divisions made up of troops called Janissaries. Most of these Janissaries had been forcibly recruited as adolescent boys in conquered areas, such as the Balkans, where most of the population was made up of Christians. Sometimes the boys’ parents willingly turned their sons over to the Ottoman recruiters because of the opportunities for advancement that came with service to the Ottoman sultans. And although they were legally slaves, they were well-educated and converted to Islam.Some of them even went on to serve in the palace or bureaucracy, but most became Janissaries. These Janissaries, however, later gained politic al influence. Commerce within the empire was in the hands of Christian and Jewish merchants, who as dhimmis, or â€Å"people of the book,† were under the protection of the Ottoman rulers. The Safavids espoused the Shi’a variant of Islam unlike the Ottomans, who espoused the Sunni variant of Islam. These two variants despised each other, and their hatred showed during the battle of Chaldiran on August 1514 in northwest Persia.However, the Safavids were easily killed because of the Ottomans’ advanced warfare technology. Under Abbas the Great, the Safavid Empire thrived with toleration for captured and conquered people. For example, captured Russian youths were educated and converted, and they formed the backbone of the Safavid’s military forces. They monopolized firearms that had become increasingly prominent in Safavid armies. Also, some Russians were granted provincial governorships and high offices at court. Although the Safavids tolerated the Russians, they were not as kind to the other inhabitants of present-day Iran.For example, Sunni Muslims, Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians, and followers of Sufi preachers, were all pressured into converting to Shi’ism. One of the greatest rulers in all of history was the son and successor of Humayan, Akbar the Great. The Mughals, under Akbar, developed the most enlightened social, political, and economic methods for treating their conquered people. He not only extended the Mughal Empire with conquests throughout north and central India, but also made the Mughal Dynasty sustainable because of his social and administrative policies.He pursued a policy of reconciliation and cooperation with the Hindu princes and overall population of his realm. For example, he encouraged intermarriage between the Mughal aristocracy and families of the Hindu Rajput rulers. In addition, Akbar abolished jizya, which was a head tax on Hindus. He also allowed Hindus to be promoted to high ranks in the government . Further, Akbar ended the longstanding ban on the construction of new Hindu temples, and he ordered Muslims to respect cows because the Hindus viewed them as sacred. He even invented a new faith calledDin-i-Ilahi, which blended elements of the many religions with which he was familiar. He believed that this would unite his Hindu and Muslim subjects, but it failed. Similar to the Ottomans’ collection of tribute, Akbar did leave some areas of his empire alone so long as they swore allegiance to Mughal rulers and paid their taxes on time. However, these areas were only left alone because of a shortage of administrators. The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Dynasties each treated their conquered people and non-Muslims differently through political, economic and social procedures.Akbar the Great and the Mughals had the most enlightened approach on how to treat these people, such as encouraging intermarriage, abolishing the jizya, and ending the ban on the building of new Hindu temple s. This approach ultimately led to greater success for the empire as a whole. In contrast, the practices utilized by the Ottomans and Safavids resulted in more discontent for the conquered people and non-Muslims. Overall, these three empires over a three hundred year span conquered thousands of people and had to develop administrative practices and policies. These methods greatly impacted their success.

The Babe of Bethlehem †Theology Essay

The Babe of Bethlehem – Theology Essay Free Online Research Papers This Christmas season, if at all possible, hold a baby in your arms. What do you feel, think, and wonder about that sweet, innocent baby? Perhaps you marvel at the new life in your arms and consider the potential of unique giftedness and blessings wrapped up in such a tiny bundle of life. More that 2,000 years ago the birth of one baby born in the tiny, dusty village of Bethlehem changed the world and divided history into BC and AD. The Babe of Bethlehem became the hinge, the pivotal point on which the destiny of the world turns. dAs the small land of Israel became a crossroad of the world, so the Babe of Bethlehem became the crossroad that determines the direction your life will take. This Christmas it is imperative that you focus on the Babe of Bethlehem. Consider the true Christmas story. (Read Luke 2:1-40.) First consider BETHLEHEMS CENSUS. The Roman Emperor Augustus decreed that all citizens of the Roman Empire must go to their own town to register for the census. Joseph, who was a descendant of King David, had to go to Bethlehem. Bethlehem was King Davids ancestral home. So, Joseph took Mary, his fiancà ©e, who was with child by the Holy Spirit. Augustus had no idea that in the midst of the Roman governmental census, that the Babe of Bethlehem, the one who would hold the governments of the world on His shoulders, would be born. Isaiah prophesied, Listen, will you the royal family of David! The virgin will conceive a child! She will give birth to a son and will call him Immanuel God with us' (Isaiah 7:13 NLT). For a child is born to us, a son is given to us. And the government will rest on his shoulders. These will be his royal title: Wonderful Counselor, Mighty God, Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace (Isaiah 9:6-7 NLT). One day this Babe of Bethlehem will come to rule and reign as King of Kings and Lord of Lords. Presently he rules in the hearts and lives of those who make room for him. Does he rule in your heart? Second BETHLEHEMS CHILD. Nowhere in the New Testament are we actually told to celebrate and commemorate this babes birth. We are told to celebrate and commemorate his death and resurrection. Why is that? Because Christ was born to die as a sacrifice for our sins. Christmas rightly celebrated, helps us remember why this child was born. In Bethlehem there was no room in the inn. So Jesus was born in a stable and laid in a manger (a feed trough for animals). Christ was wrapped in swaddling clothes. Jesus came to die as a sacrificial lamb. (Read Isaiah 53.) He was wrapped in strips of cloth and laid in a tomb. On the third day He arose, proving He is the Christ, the Messiah. Handels Messiah reminds us that Christmas includes the birth, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ. Bethlehems child must be crowned as king. Consider the manger Jesus was laid in. It reminds us that we must feed on Christ. This child of Bethlehem (Bethlehem means house of bread) announced that He is the Bread of Life. By faith and repentance we spiritually eat of the Christ of Christmas. His torn flesh and spilt blood on the cross is our salvation and daily bread. Third BETHLEHEMS CELEBRATION. The night Christ was born an angel appeared to shepherds out in the field guarding their sheep. They announced the good news, Dont be afraid! I bring you good news of great joy for everyone! The Savior yes, the Messiah, the Lord has been born tonight in Bethlehem. Suddenly the angel was joined by a vast host of others the armies of heaven praising God. Glory to God in the highest heaven and peace on earth to all whom God favors' (Luke 2:8-20 NLT). For all those who receive Christ into their heart as Savior and Lord, there is a joyful celebration. Isaiah prophesied of this day, In that day you will sing . . . with joy will you drink deeply from the fountain of salvation! In that wonderful day you will sing (Isaiah 12 NLT). When the shepherds saw the Babe of Bethlehem, they went back to their flocks glorying and praising God. When you really see the Babe of Bethlehem and receive him as your Savior, you will sing a new song and celebrate with joy, in worship of Christ the Lord. Christmas brings the joy of Christ. Today you can receive the new life that the Babe of Bethlehem came to give you. A Admit you have sinned. For all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God. (Romans 3:23) B Believe in Jesus. For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life. (John 3:16) C Confess and leave your sin. If we confess our sins, he is faithful and just and will forgive us our sins and purify us from all unrighteousness. 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How to Make Your Book Review More Critical with an Outline

How to Make Your Book Review More Critical with an Outline How to Make Your Book Review More Critical with an Outline? Setting out to write a critical book review is a daunting task. Something about the word ‘critical’ seems to conjure up scary visions of having to wade through huge tomes of literary theory that threaten to swallow your limited analyzing abilities as a student. A review at the end of the day is supposed to be critical where you share your opinion on a specific topic and it tells the makers or readers your honest opinion on it. There are many reviewers out there, criticizing all kinds of books including fiction and essays, but not all these reviewers or their opinions are valued. At times, it is only because they’re lacking a proper outline and hence are not able to write their thoughts properly. Why Have an Outline for a Critical Book Review? Like any other assignment set by a systematically produced curriculum, a critical book review is also easy. You simply apply a systematic approach and break it into parts. You jot down the essential elements you need to include. Working according to an outline is a great way to accomplish your goals. An outline serves as a systematic tool that will keep you on track. You can always refer to your outline to make sure you are not missing anything. Moreover, we mention some tips on actual critical book review writing, so it’s two birds with one shot. This guide will tell you how to prepare an outline in four easy steps which correspond to the recommended sections. Introduction (1-2 Paragraphs, Half a Page) Like any good piece of writing, start with an introduction. The specific form is up to you, choose a quotation that you liked, a particularly powerful scene in the book, even a personal anecdote which ties into the broader opinion you hold of the book. The goal is to capture the reader’s attention and keep them hooked. Include an overview of the book where you summarize the plot and also present an expression of your overall judgment. Summary (1 Page or about 23 Lines of Typed Text) A summary is a brief discussion of the major themes, concepts, and ideas presented in the book. It is recommended that you write this entirely in your own words. Present a condensed picture of the book. If your summary contains spoilers, make sure you warn your readers about it. Critical Evaluation (3 Pages) The third is an in-depth section which includes the reviewer’s reactions to the thoughts of the author. Most students often find it challenging to be critical, probably because they are under the impression that in order to critique something you have to possess expert-level knowledge. This is an unfortunate opinion that must be dispelled from your mind. Conclusion (1-2 Paragraphs, Half a Page) A short section which shows the overall impression and evaluation arrived at by the reviewer. It can be written in first person if desired and should include: Things which you learned from the book; Whether you would recommend the book to other people. A critique is simply a collection of responses, reactions and thoughts to what you are reading. No one expects you to produce an expert-level critique if you are only a learner. The best way to make this easy is to write down your thoughts and impressions while you are reading the book. Jot down any questions or aspects you like and at the end of your read you will have a significant set of notes that will make the critique a breeze. Here are the aspects that you need to include: Your overall opinion and the reasons behind it. How did the book make you feel? Was the writing able to hold your interest? What was the author trying to communicate? How well- or not- did the author present his or her points, ideas and assumptions? Did you detect any underlying philosophy in the book? Is the author’s view objective? How does the book fit into the context of the course? How useful are the footnotes, index, bibliography etc.? Is the book a useful contribution to the field in general? What are the strengths/weaknesses of the book? Do you have unanswered questions from what book? What would you like to add or remove from the book to make it better? You need to mention these questions in your outline to know what to focus on in your writing. Then, while creating the actual book review, formulate these sections as a properly structured essay that includes topic sentences and logical transitions. These outline guidelines are extremely important because the moment you detail them, you’ll have a clear structure in your head. We hope that they will make your book review as critical as possible (in a good way).

Organisational success is determined by effective leadership Essay

Organisational success is determined by effective leadership - Essay Example Rather, different criteria should be used each time that organisational success need to be evaluated. Of course, there are certain factors, such as leadership, that are always capable of affecting organisational success. The relationship between effective leadership and organisational success is explored in this paper. It is proved that the traditional thoughts on effective leadership its relationship with organisational success should be reviewed. Moreover, it has been made clear that the criteria for characterizing a leadership style as effective can be different across countries with different social ethics and culture. In any case, it is made clear that effective leadership can lead to organisational success, even in the long term. 2. Organisational success and leadership 2.1 Organisational success – characteristics The criteria used for evaluating the success of modern organisations can vary. Usually, organisational success is related to the performance of an organisation in terms of employee satisfaction (Sims 2002, p.144). More specifically, it is believed that a high level of employee satisfaction reflects the ability of the firm to communicate with its stakeholders, a condition that its critical for its success (Sims 2002, p.144). ... ccess using the above criteria can be inaccurate mostly because the potentials of each organisation to achieve high profits or to survive in the market are differentiated according to the years of the firm’s presence in the market (Kirby & Watson 2003, p.46). For example, the criteria of growth would be more valuable when referring to ‘the start-up of the organisation’ (Kirby & Watson 2003, p.46). Profitability also should not be used as a criterion for evaluating organisational success in the early years of the firm’s presence in the market (Kirby & Watson 2003, p.46). Rather, profitability would be a critical criterion for evaluating the success of an organisation that has been, already, well established in the local or the international market (Kirby & Watson 2003, p.46). The use of an integrate framework for evaluating organisational success helps to control the risks related to the particular task. The ‘Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Awardâ₠¬â„¢ (Dinsmore & Cabanis-Brewin 2010, p.130) can be considered as such framework. In fact, the above Award is awarded to organisations that meet a series of criteria in regard of quality (Dinsmore & Cabanis-Brewin 2010, p.130). Leadership is the first of these criteria Dinsmore & Cabanis-Brewin 2010, p.130), a fact that verifies the relationship between leadership and organisational success. Other criteria used in the context of the above framework are: ‘strategic planning, customer focus and workforce’ Dinsmore & Cabanis-Brewin 2010, p.130). From another point of view, Cameron & Spreitzer (2011) note that organisational success should not be related only to the financial performance of each organisation. Rather, the success of organisations in the modern market should be based on their ability to promote

Nitrates tolerance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nitrates tolerance - Essay Example While long-term nitrate tolerance treatment induces the body to intrinsic vascular changes, nitrate tolerance treatment overly rely on nitro-vasodilator responsiveness (vascular tolerance). Vascular tolerance is always caused by an increased vascular superoxide production. The vascular superoxide production ultimately relies on unbalanced oxidation to the vascular cells. Additionally, super sensitivity to vasoconstrictor secondary to tonic protein kinase activation may result to nitrates tolerance (Antman & Sabatine, 2012, p. 11). For effective and efficient nitrate toleration clinically, C.NADPH oxidase(s) inclusive of various uncoupled endothelial nitric oxides synthase have been researched on. These oxidant elements have thus been proposed to be some of the richer superoxide sources for nitrate tolerance (Arcangelo & Petterson, 2005, p.134). Vascular NO and superoxide simultaneously form a rapid peroxy-nitrite. Put differently, both super oxide and vascular NO concomitantly aggravates tolerance by promoting NO synthesis. NO synthase uncouple in bonding and inhibit the solubility of both prostacyclin synthase and guanylyl cyclase (Faassen & Vanin, 2007, p.145). Nitrate tolerance has overly gone overboard clinically. This is because tablets designing formula must considerably look into nitrate tolerance in order to come up with effective and efficient tablets formulas (â€Å"Radicals for life the various forms of nitric oxide† 2008, p.133). The oxidative stress concept in nitrate tolerance may purportedly explain the reason as to why radical substances and scavengers have the relief ability to tolerance and endothelial dysfunction (Golan & Tashjian, 2012, p.156). Recent pharmacology research works have defined a newly initiated nitrate tolerance mechanism. This definition is the ability to inhibit mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase. Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase is the enzyme that ensures the completion of